Abstract. The purpose of the present study is to evidences the overview of urbanisation and inequalities that arise from urbanisation in India and China.

Design/Methodology/approach. The study uses linear regression model and graphical tools for deriving study conclusions.

Findings. The study finds that both the countries are at different level of urbanisation and both the countries are yet to achieve fully positive synchronisation advantages from urbanisation. The study further finds that both the countries yet to achieve the social and environmental sustainability completely from urbanisation. Government of both of these countries are effective and efficient in providing advanced water resources to its citizens but in terms of providing advanced hygiene to its citizens both of these countries are par below as compared to other nations and need serious attention. Population and pollution are the other major reasons that challenged sustainable development for both of these countries. Empirically study finds HDI significant at 5% level and at 10% levels ES becomes significant for urban population growth percentage.

Research Implications. The findings of the study would have high social implication for the policy makers and other decision makers in emerging nations.

Originality/Value. The study is Unique in several senses: The present study discuss about the operational efficiency of government of both the countries in providing basic facilities like water resources and sanitation. The study set up a benchmark for the other BRIC nations or other emerging nations to learn about the success and failure of urbanisation.

Keywords: urbanisation, inequalities, HDI, agglomerations, sustainable growth, environmental sustainability.