Theoretical and Applied Economics
No. 1 / 2026 (646), Spring
Internal vs external migration: comparative patterns within the EU
Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania
Abstract. Migration is a structurally important factor influencing demographic and economic changes within the EU. This paper explores migration patterns between six EU countries: Germany, Spain, France, Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania, over the period 2012-2023. The research employs both descriptive analysis and a two-way fixed effects estimation. Findings reveal a persistent core-periphery asymmetry between the West and the East, especially Romania. Results show that high levels of unemployment reduce the net migration balance, but short-run variations in GDP per capita have no impact. The change in the Romanian migration balance to positive after 2022 points to a new, higher circulation regime.
Keywords: Migration dynamics, Core–periphery asymmetry, Labour mobility, Fixed-effects panel model, Romania net migration.
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